2017年10月22日星期日

讀《列子》有感 (二) ———〈力命篇〉

二零一零年,黃子華在他的「棟篤笑」《娛樂圈血肉史(二)》裏,藉着他在《非常公民》一劇中飾演「傀儡皇帝」溥儀的經歷,向觀眾提出了一個值得令人深思的哲學命題:人生究竟有否真正的自由?抑或我們其實是另一個溥儀而已,都是身不由己,並無選擇的餘地?
黃子華以戲名「非常公民」為例,指該戲原本定名為「溥儀與他的五個女人」,但後來被劇組否決不用。他以「郵差」來諷刺戲名「非常公民」不及「溥儀與他的五個女人」吸引,藉此慨嘆我們自以為能夠掌握「人生」這齣戲,但實情是我們連人生的「戲名」也掌握不了。
他又用廣東話「囉」一字,來演繹成功者與失敗者對人生成敗的態度。成功人士就像《列子.力命》裏的西門子,認為他們的財富、權勢、名望、人脈、地位,都是靠自己胼手胝足,一手一腳打拼回來;而失敗人士則像幫北宮子出頭、斥責西門子的東郭先生,認為成功人士之所以擁有令人艷羨的財富、權勢、名望、人脈、地位,是因為他們命好,與他們的道德、智慧、堅毅無關。
乍聽起來,東郭之言甚為乖張,有悖常理,但細想一下,亦非全錯。仁人君子,機智聰敏,不屈不撓,是否就會有成功人士的財富、權勢、名望、人脈、地位?《列子.力命》記載的以下一段對話,或者會給我們一點啟示:
力謂命曰:「若之功奚若我哉?」命曰:「汝奚功於物而欲比朕?」力曰:「壽夭、窮達、貴賤、貧富,我力之所能也。」命曰:「彭祖之智不出堯舜之上,而壽八百;顏淵之才不出衆人之下,而壽十八。仲尼之德不出諸侯之下,而困於陳蔡;殷紂之行不出三仁之上,而居君位。季札無爵於吳,田恆專有齊國。夷齊餓於首陽,季氏富於展禽。若是汝力之所能,柰何壽彼而夭此,窮聖而達逆,賤賢而貴愚,貧善而富惡邪?」力曰:「若如若言,我固無功於物,而物若此邪,此則若之所制邪?」命曰:「既謂之命,柰何有制之者邪?朕直而推之,曲而任之。自壽自夭,自窮自達,自貴自賤,自富自貧,朕豈能識之哉?朕豈能識之哉?」
「意志」對「命數」說,人生是長壽抑或早死,通達抑或困厄,富貴抑或貧賤,皆是它能力所及。換言之,「意志」想長壽、通達、富貴,人生便會長壽、通達、富貴;相反,「意志」不想早死、困厄、貧賤,人生便不會早死、困厄、貧賤。
「命數」當然不認同,它於是列舉歷史人物的遭遇來反駁「意志」的說法。「命數」說,如果「意志」真能夠決定人生的「壽夭、窮達、貴賤、貧富」,則為何彭祖的才智不及堯、舜等聖君明主,而能夠活到八百歲,孔門弟子最聰明的顏淵卻年僅十八而亡?為何道德最高尚的孔聖人被圍困在陳、蔡兩國,而暴虐的紂王卻能以天子身分號令天下?為何吳國公子季札在母國無爵位,而祖先來自陳國的田恆卻能把持齊國的朝政?
很明顯,人生的「壽夭、窮達、貴賤、貧富」,並非單靠「意志」所能控制的。正因如此,歷史才會出現「壽彼而夭此,窮聖而達逆,賤賢而貴愚,貧善而富惡」的不公現象。其實,正如歷史發展不以個人的意志為轉移,人生———每個人自己的歷史———又何嘗以當事人的意志為轉移?黃子華失意於電影事業,卻成為香港「棟篤笑」表演的始祖,並大放異彩,至今無人出其右,就是最好的證明。
讀畢《列子.力命》一篇,不難發現作者宣揚的,正是叫人認命的宿命論。〈力命篇〉指出,人生的一切禍福,都是命中註定的,即使明知「意志」能夠轉禍為福,也不應對命定的結果加以干預。〈力命篇〉記載了以下一段故事:
楊朱之友曰季梁。季梁得病,七日大漸。其子環而泣之,請醫。季梁謂楊朱曰:「吾子不肖如此之甚,汝奚不為我歌以曉之?」楊朱歌曰:「天其弗識,人胡能覺?匪祐自天,弗孽由人。我乎汝乎!其弗知乎!醫乎巫乎!其知之乎?」其子弗曉,終謁三醫。一曰矯氏,二曰俞氏,三曰盧氏,診其所疾。矯氏謂季梁曰:「汝寒溫不節,虛實失度,病由飢飽色欲。精慮煩散,非天非鬼。雖漸,可攻也。」季梁曰:「衆醫也。亟屏之!」俞氏曰:「女始則胎氣不足,乳湩有餘。病非一朝一夕之故,其所由來漸矣,弗可已也。」季梁曰:「良醫也。且食之!」盧氏曰:「汝疾不由天,亦不由人,亦不由鬼。稟生受形,既有制之者矣,亦有知之者矣。藥石其如汝何?」季梁曰:「神醫也。重貺遣之!」俄而季梁之疾自瘳。
季梁病重不起,他的兒子請了三個醫生———矯氏、俞氏、盧氏———為他診治。矯氏對病情最樂觀,認為季梁得病,是由於他生活飲食調理不當。雖然如此,他的病還是可以服藥治癒。俞氏則認為,季梁的病是先天胎氣不足,加上後天積累而成,無法根治。盧氏最悲觀,他指出季梁在母親肚中成形之時,已注定了有今日的病,任何人為的治療方法都是沒法改變的。
令人錯愕的不是盧氏的見解,而是季梁的反應。平常人聽過矯氏的專業意見,應該會喜上眉梢,並立刻付錢買藥,唯恐病情惡化,治之不及。但季梁不然,季梁最佩服的,反而是認為病情無法醫治的俞氏和盧氏,而最令人驚奇之處,是「俄而季梁之疾自瘳」———季梁的病竟然不藥而癒!
我認為,病屬自然現象,在人與自然的關係上,我更認同荀子「人定勝天」的說法。事實上,西方科學之所以有長足的發展,就是基於對抗自然的思想。為了尋求治癒之法,人對種種奇難雜症尚且要研究病理,研製藥方,更何況已知病因,已有藥物治療的病?季梁有病不醫,然後諉過於命,我絕不苟同。
不僅如此,我也不贊同宿命論,更不認為人應該認命。荀子的「人定勝天」之所以精闢深刻,是因為自然現象皆有規律,是可以研究、解釋、預測和克服的。機會率則不然,隨機出現的事件,無論是機會抑或危害,都是無法預測的,所以世上才會有無妄之災、意外驚喜之說。職是之故,人的意志能夠征服自然,而不能延伸於機會率。故此,在人與機會率的關係上,我更佩服孔子知命的說法。
其實,知命不等同認命。易中天在《先秦諸子百家爭鳴》一書中解釋過孔子的天命觀,他在〈儒道再評價〉一節中寫道:
孔子的「天命論」不是「宿命論」,這才有「知其不可而為之」的精神,也就是明明知道不可能成功,還是要做。為甚麼做?不求如願,但求心安。顯然,在孔子看來,事情有兩種。一種是應該的,一種是可能的。應該做的也有兩種。一種是應該做又可能成功的,一種是應該做卻未必成功的。對於有社會責任感的人來說,只能選擇「應該不應該」,不能考慮「成功不成功」。成功不成功的問題,交給「天」。

誠然,人生在世,該有所作為,不應像楊朱消極沉淪,縱情享樂,虛度一生。但我們也不宜因有作為,而以為事情必然成功。要知道,事之成敗,還取決於眾多自己掌握不了的因素。在機會率面前,我們皆無能為力。所以,當人生順遂,一帆風順,切忌囂張無禮,驕橫跋扈,不可一世,而要謹記自己的成功有「命數」的眷顧,絕非全由「意志」所獲致。相反,若命途多舛,則應若曹操在《龜雖壽》中所言:「志在千里」、「壯心不已」,甚或如毛澤東「自信人生二百年,會當擊三千里」,惟像溫庭筠在《過五丈原》中慨嘆「中原得鹿不由人」,亦無可厚非。

2017年10月1日星期日

讀《列子》有感 (一) ———〈楊朱篇〉

今人談及先秦諸子,多會提到孔丘、孟軻、荀況、老聃、莊周、墨翟、韓非等人,而絕少想起楊朱。楊朱之名不及上述七子,並不意味着他在兩千多年前的戰國之世,同樣寂寂無聞。相反,當時的楊朱可算是風頭一時無兩。據《孟子.滕文公》所載,「楊朱、墨翟之言盈天下,天下之言,不歸楊,即歸墨。」要知道,戰國的主流意識形態是儒學和墨學,楊朱的學說竟能與墨學分庭抗禮,足見他當時的名氣。也許,正因楊朱是赫赫有名的大師級人物,故即使無著作傳世,其言行思想仍能散見於今日諸子典籍之中。
其實,孟子將楊、墨二人相提並論,除了說明二子名滿天下之外,還揭櫫了兩人在學說上的對立。雖然,孟子認為,楊朱為我,墨翟兼愛,二人的主張無父無君,都是禽獸,但楊子的「為我」和墨子的「兼愛」,實際上還有着天淵之別。以「哲學光譜」論之,若墨學是極左,則楊學屬極右。
《列子.楊朱》記載了墨翟弟子禽滑釐先後與楊朱及其門徒孟孫陽的思想交鋒:
楊朱曰:「伯成子高不以一毫利物,舍國而隱耕。大禹不以一身自利,一體偏枯。古之人損一毫利天下不與也,悉天下奉一身不取也。人人不損一毫,人人不利天下,天下治矣。」禽子問楊朱曰:「去子體之一毛以濟一世,汝為之乎?」楊子曰:「世固非一毛之所濟。」禽子曰:「假濟,為之乎?」楊子弗應。禽子出,語孟孫陽。孟孫陽曰:「子不達夫子之心,吾請言之。有侵若肌膚獲萬金者,若為之乎?」曰:「為之。」孟孫陽曰:「有斷若一節得一國,子為之乎?」禽子默然有閒。孟孫陽曰:「一毛微於肌膚,肌膚微於一節,省矣。然則積一毛以成肌膚,積肌膚以成一節。一毛固一體萬分中之一物,奈何輕之乎?」
楊朱說,拔其一毛以救天下,他仍選擇「一毛不拔」,因為天下絕非一條毛髮就能救濟。他認為,只有「人人不損一毫,人人不利天下」,天下才會太平。所以,他欣賞伯成子高,對大禹不以為然。
對此,墨家的觀點剛好相反。墨者主兼愛,視他人如己,以大禹為楷模,無私奉獻,「不以一身自利」,故禽滑釐反問楊朱:「假使拔你一條毛,就能救濟整個天下,你會做嗎?」楊朱不回應,其學生孟孫陽便幫老師解釋,說:「積一毛以成肌膚,積肌膚以成一節」。意思很清楚,就是天下由「人」組成,人人都損一毫,則「天下之利」從何說起?
事實上,楊朱並非自私自利的人。他確實說:「損一毫利天下不與也」,但他也說:「悉天下奉一身不取也」。楊朱認為,若竭盡天下的人力物力,來侍奉他「一身」也是不可取的。
很明顯,楊朱反對有人以「天下」的名義來剝削「人人」,以「公」的名義來成就其「私」。相反,楊朱對佈施接濟等善行極為贊同。《列子.楊朱》便寫道:
楊朱曰:「古語有之:『生相憐,死相捐。』此語至矣。相憐之道,非唯情也;勤能使逸,飢能使飽,寒能使溫,窮能使達也。相捐之道,非不相哀也;不含珠玉,不服文錦,不陳犧牲,不設明器也。」
楊子認為,憐憫對方,不應只在情感上,還應體現在行動上。對方在生,缺甚麼給甚麼,這才是真正的憐憫,而非待對方死後,才給對方的遺體上添珠加錦,風光大葬。正如《史記.孔子世家》裏子貢所言:「生而不用,死而誄之,非禮也」,人死後,再好的待遇都是沒意義的。
綜觀《列子.楊朱》,不難發現,楊朱重視生前的享樂多於死後的名譽,他說:
萬物所異者生也,所同者死也;生則有賢愚貴賤,是所異也;死則有臭腐消滅,是所同也。雖然,賢愚貴賤,非所能也;臭腐消滅,亦非所能也。故生非所生,死非所死,賢非所賢,愚非所愚,貴非所貴,賤非所賤。然而萬物齊生齊死,齊賢齊愚,齊貴齊賤。十年亦死,百年亦死,仁聖亦死凶愚亦死。生則堯舜,死則腐骨;生則桀紂,死則腐骨。腐骨一矣,孰知其異?且趣當生,奚遑死後?
又云:
太古之事滅矣,孰誌之哉?三皇之事,若存若亡;五帝之事,若覺若夢;三王之事,或隱或顯,億不識一。當身之事,或聞或見,萬不識一。目前之事或存或廢,千不識一。太古至于今日,年數固不可勝紀。但伏羲已來三十餘萬歲,賢愚、好醜、成敗、是非,无不消滅,但遟速之閒耳。矜一時之毀譽,以焦苦其神形,要死後數百年中餘名,豈足潤枯骨?何生之樂哉?
楊朱認為,無論聖賢如堯舜,抑或暴虐如桀紂,人生的結局皆一樣,人人終究「同歸於盡」,故人生的意義不在於身後的讚譽,而在於生前能否把握轉瞬即逝的光陰,及時行樂。況且千百年來,忠貞君子多如過江之鯽,奸佞小人眾若天漢繁星,但最後流芳百世、遺臭萬年的,又有幾人?即使名傳後世,面對後人的毀譽,當事人能知能覺嗎?捨棄生前的享樂,而追求死後的美名,豈非捨本逐末?
其實,遑論身後的名聲,就連今生的壽命,楊子也不太珍視。《列子.楊朱》記載了楊朱、孟孫陽兩師徒的對話:
孟孫陽問楊子曰:「有人於此,貴生愛身,以蘄不死,可乎?」曰:「理無不死。」「以蘄久生,可乎?」曰:「理無久生。生非貴之所能存,身非愛之所能厚。且久生奚為?五情好惡,古猶今也;四體安危,古猶今也;世事苦樂,古猶今也;變易治亂,古猶今也。既聞之矣,既見之矣,既更之矣,百年猶厭其多,況久生之苦也乎?」孟孫陽曰:「若然,速亡愈於久生;則踐鋒刃,入湯火,得所志矣」。楊子曰:「不然。既生,則廢而任之,究其所欲,以俟於死。將死則廢而任之,究其所之,以放於盡。無不廢,無不任,何遽遟速於其閒乎?」
要知道,戰國時代,天下大亂,社會動盪,篡弒不斷,爭亂頻仍。故楊朱認為,生存是痛苦的,追求長生,即是延長痛苦。然而,楊子並不贊成輕生速死,以減少生存所帶來的痛苦,因為生命所寄存的身體,根本不屬於我們自己。既然我們來到這個痛苦的世界,而不知何時離開,不如好好珍惜餘生的時光,吃喝玩樂,隨心所欲,才算不枉此生。

雖然,有史家認為《列子》乃偽書,故〈楊朱篇〉未足代表楊子思想。但無論如何,總結《列子.楊朱》一篇,篇中「一毛不拔」之論深刻獨到,發人深省,惟其所宣揚的人生觀消極沉淪,萎靡至極,難有可法之處。《老子》曰:五色使人目盲;馳騁畋獵,使人心發狂;難得之貨,使人之行妨;五味使人之口爽;五音使人之耳聾」。縱慾就像吸毒,令人無法自拔。奇珍異寶之玩再多,聲色犬馬之娛再好,亦難以填平慾望的溝壑。五官快樂過後,心靈難免失落。〈楊朱篇〉恣慾之論,乃喪志之言。難怪楊子思想雖風靡一時,終仍不免被歷史淘汰,今世近乎銷聲匿跡

2017年9月16日星期六

Marti Laney《內向者求生術:內向者如何在外向的世界嶄露鋒芒》摘錄 (五)

不要讓那些你不能改變的事情使你自己陷入困境之中。(第八章《三個P:個人的節奏、個人優先考慮的事情和個人的界限.不足之處》)
透過將任務分解成極小的步子,幾乎任何事情都可以完成。(第八章《三個P:個人的節奏、個人優先考慮的事情和個人的界限.按部就班:一隻鳥接着一隻鳥地寫》)
寫下你在生命結束前想要完成的事情。(第八章《三個P:個人的節奏、個人優先考慮的事情和個人的界限.個人優先考慮的事情》)
你是一個獨特的個體。過去,沒有任何的基因像你那樣組合在一起,將來也不會再有。(第八章《三個P:個人的節奏、個人優先考慮的事情和個人的界限.為甚麼你需要特別的關愛》)
一個星期進行三次三十分鐘的運動,比兩個星期進行一次幾個小時的運動要好。(第九章《發展你的天性.傾聽你身體的聲音》)
所有真正的友誼都必須是深厚而富有意義的。(第九章《發展你的天性.多交一些朋友》)

成長意味着會感受到一些新的東西。與世隔絕的生活固然可以保護你免受不愉快的侵擾,但它也限制了你累積經驗和與人相處。(第十章《學習一點外向的技能:將你的光芒灑向四方.對舒適區的錯誤認識》)
(翻譯:楊秀君)

2017年9月2日星期六

Marti Laney《內向者求生術:內向者如何在外向的世界嶄露鋒芒》摘錄 (四)

美國物理學家Bob Goddard:「犯錯乃人之常情;而將過失歸咎於他人更是人類常做的事情。」(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.責備與誹謗》)
自然界的穩定通常是基於相反力量之間的制約和平衡。(第三章《脫穎而出的大腦心智圖:我們天生就是性格內向的嗎?.個性的差異》)
性格內向者與習慣將個性展露無遺的性格外向者不同,他們通常較為謙遜。對性格外向者來說,你能透過觀察瞭解到一切;而對性格內向者來說,你所看到的只是他們個性中的一部分。他們內向個性中最豐富多彩、最值得信賴的部分,並不一定會與外在世界分享。需要經過一定的時間、彼此互相信任,並且在一些特定的環境中,他們才會慢慢地開始展現自己的個性。(第七章《工作:朝九晚五的危險》)
性格外向者就像燈塔,將他們的光芒射向四方;而性格內向者較像燈籠,在自己的內部發光。(第七章《工作:朝九晚五的危險.不同的發光方式》)
性格內向者有個人空間的要求。他們喜歡自己的空間。他們保持擁有自己的個人空間的一個方式,就是提防自己向外界展示了甚麼……他們可能知道自己對某個神秘難懂的話題很感興趣……但是他們認為其他人不會對這個問題感興趣。同時,性格內向者經常覺得自己沒有必要告訴其他人自己正在做的事情……他們並沒有在尋求外界的認同。(第七章《工作:朝九晚五的危險.如果我告訴了你,我將不得不殺了你》)

你不可能一生中都精力充沛,重要的是要知道你的高潮和低潮–甚麼時候你工作最有效率,在各個專案上分配多少時間等。(第八章《三個P:個人的節奏、個人優先考慮的事情和個人的界限.個人的節奏》)
(翻譯:楊秀君)

2017年8月20日星期日

Marti Laney《內向者求生術:內向者如何在外向的世界嶄露鋒芒》摘錄 (三)

性格內向者不僅不以自我為中心,事實上可能還恰恰相反。我們集中注意內在世界的能力,以及對感覺和體驗進行反省的能力,使我們能更加理解外在世界和他人。那些好像是自我中心的東西,事實上正是能夠切身理解他人處境的能力。(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.不要因別人的指責而產生罪惡感》)
性格外向者也將注意力集中於自我,但其方式不同。外向者喜歡參加社交活動,需要別人的陪伴,這與他們對刺激的需求一致–讓我參與其中、挑戰我、給我一些刺激來引起我的反應–以便感覺到與周圍事務的聯繫。外向者不會像內向者那樣能產生那麼多的內在刺激,所以他們需要從外在世界尋求刺激,也許這就是他們貶低內向者的原因–因為他們感到我們會限制他們,這使他們覺得很惱怒;因為我們不以他們所需要的方式閒聊或參加社會活動,這使他們覺得受到了威脅。(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.不要因別人的指責而產生罪惡感》)
這使我想起了對性格內向者的另一個較大的曲解–孤僻不愛交際。性格內向者並不是不愛交際–他們只是以不同的方式進行社會交往而已。性格內向者只需要很少的朋友關係,但喜歡(來自於親密朋友的)較多的聯繫和與朋友親密的相處。因為與其他人交往會耗費大量的精力,所以我們不願意將太多的精力用於社交活動。這就是為甚麼我們不喜歡無所事事閒談的原因。相對於此,性格內向者更喜歡內容豐富、充實的交談,從中可以豐富我們的學識,並使我們充滿活力。這種交談能夠給我們一種被研究快樂的學者稱之為「幸運一擊」(Hap Hits)的快樂感。當我們彼此交流內涵豐富的思想時,能夠獲得滿意和快樂等美好的感覺。交談需要耗費精力,這也是我們即便對其他人很感興趣,但有時候更喜歡視察他人的談話,而不願加入其中的原因。(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.不要因別人的指責而產生罪惡感》)

性格內向者需要一些時間來考慮問題,並且不會自發性地講話,除非那是一個自己非常熟悉的問題。(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.為甚麼內向者讓外向者感到猜疑?》)
(翻譯:楊秀君)

2017年8月5日星期六

Marti Laney《內向者求生術:內向者如何在外向的世界嶄露鋒芒》摘錄 (二)

在沒有壓力且集中於一兩個問題的時候,性格內向者喜歡複雜的事情。但如果他們有太多的項目時,則容易感到不安。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.外向和內向的主要差別》)
性格外向者喜歡寬度–許多的朋友和經驗,對任何事情都知曉一點……性格內向者喜歡深度,他們限制從外在進入的經驗,但對每一經驗的體驗較深,且通常都只有少數幾個朋友,但與這些朋友的關係也都較為密切。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.外向和內向的主要差別》)
內向者喜歡深入地鑽研問題,對某一問題做深入探討甚於廣泛追尋–這就是他們之所以要把思考的問題限制在一或兩個、否則會感到壓力太大的原因。內向者一旦從外在世界吸收資訊,並會仔細考慮它並發展它,甚至會在獲取這些資訊很久以後再回頭去細細咀嚼……這也是性格內向者憎恨被打擾的原因……要將性格內向者從集中精力的思考中拉出來是件很困難的事情,他們想要再次達到那種集中精力的狀態需要耗費大量額外的精力,而這些額外的精力往往是他們所缺乏的。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.外向和內向的主要差別》)
每一個人都是多面的。性格內向和外向就如其他很多品性一樣被分類為好或不好,將我們自己區分為好和不好是我們人類的缺點。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.內向和外向皆有其價值》)

內向者之所以容易表現出專注自我或漠不關心的模樣,是因為覺得外在刺激已經足夠,於是將資訊進入的通道關閉所致。而這麼做的原因,是因為可以滿足我們將外在經驗與自我內在經驗進行比較,並嘗試在已有的基礎上,理解新的資訊,甚至進一步思考:那些經驗是怎樣影響我們的?(第二章《為甚麼性格內向者容易被誤解?.不要因別人的指責而產生罪惡感》)
(翻譯:楊秀君)

2017年7月16日星期日

Marti Laney《內向者求生術:內向者如何在外向的世界嶄露鋒芒》摘錄 (一)

James Roger「安靜的人們常常具有深刻的洞察力。淺淺的溪流或河水奔流迅速,較深的水域似乎較為平靜。」(《寫在前面.我是怎樣寫這本書的》
性格內向者最顯著的特徵是他們精力的來源:他們從自己的內在世界,如思想、情緒和觀念中獲得精力,並善於保存精力,但也容易受到外在世界的刺激影響,並產生「刺激太多」的不適感--這種感覺有點像是熱鍋上的螞蟻,或是遲鈍麻木。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?》)
性格外向者最明顯的特徵是甚麼?他們的精力來源來自外在世界--如各式各樣的社交活動、形形色色的人們、不同的場合和事物。他們是精力的揮霍者。長時間置身事外、沉思、獨處,或是只與另一個人待在一起,難以使他們感覺興奮。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?》)
性格內向者就像是充電電池:他們需要停止耗費精力,停下來休息,以便再次充電。性格外向者就像是太陽能電池板。對他們來說,獨處或是沉思,就像是生活在沉重的烏雲之下。太陽能電池板需要太陽來再次充電–性格外向者向外四處活動以獲得充沛的精力。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?》)
性格外向者喜歡體驗大量的外在刺激,而性格內向者喜歡深入瞭解自己所體驗的事物。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.外向和內向的主要差別》)

性格內向者從事較多的內心活動,從外在世界進入其大腦的外在事物都會使他們的緊張程度迅速變高。這有點像搔癢–一開始感覺美妙並有趣,但很快就變成了「刺激太多」的不適感。(第一章《甚麼是內向性格?你也是性格內向者嗎?.外向和內向的主要差別》)
(翻譯:楊秀君)

2017年7月1日星期六

Good Quotes —— The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew (4)

A “level playing field” is not part of Chinese culture; guanxi or personal links is.―――On China
Outside powers cannot re-fashion China into its own image. Let us not forget that even China’s conquerors like the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries, and the Manchus in the 17th and 19th centuries, could not change Chinese culture. Instead China changed them and they were absorbed and assimilated. The language and culture of its conquerors could not overcome Chinese language and culture.―――On China
As China develops and becomes a largely urban society, its political system must evolve to accommodate a large middle class that will be highly educated, better informed and connected with the outside world, one that expects a higher quality of life in a clean environment, and wants to have its views heard by a government that is transparent and free from corruption.―――On China
Estate duty is one of those forms of taxation which can be used deliberately to counterbalance the unjust distribution of wealth and prevent its perpetuation…[Y]ou really do not hurt anybody because you have really taken it from no one. All you have taken away from the sons and heirs and successors is not money, but just the hope of a succeeding to money. That might be painful for a week or two after the will has been read and duties have to be paid, but it is certainly less painful than if we were to impose a capital levy while the man who has made his millions is still alive.―――On Prosperity
Wealth and poverty are relative things. You have acute tensions…not so much because you are too poor as against another person or you are too rich, in the absolute sense, but whether you are relatively too much better off than the other to cause the other fellow dissatisfaction.―――On Prosperity
It is nonsense to say that this government is rich while the people are poor. This is true only when the leaders steal the nation’s wealth.―――On Prosperity

If your option was, I want a condo, I want a Mercedes, then you aim for those professions which will bring you those results. But you have chosen English Literature. If you were my daughter…I would tell her…there’s no money in it unless you are really good.―――On Education

2017年6月17日星期六

Good Quotes —— The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew (3)

The laws against corruption should be tightened to shift the onus of proof onto the person who possesses more assets than his income warrants. Two or three big fish brought to justice successfully, will have salutary effect on everyone.―――On Corruption
Once a political system has been corrupted right from the very top leaders to the lowest rungs of the bureaucracy, the problem is very complicated. The cleansing and disinfecting has to start from top and go downwards in a thorough and systematic way. It is long and laborious process that can be carried out only by a very strong group of leaders with the strength and moral authority derived from unquestioned integrity.―――On Corruption
In 1977, we passed laws to prohibit any person or his nominee from holding more tha[n] 3 per cent of the ordinary shares of a newspaper […] I do not subscribe to the Western practice that allows a wealthy press baron to decide what voters should read day after day.―――On Media
Singapore’s experience has been that once women are educated equally with men and given the same job opportunities, they do not see any point in having large families which drag down the standards of living of the family and of society and make their lives a drudgery.―――On Equality
To keep your language alive, you have to speak and read it frequently. The more you use one language, the less you use other languages. So the more languages you learn, the greater the difficulties of retaining them at a high level of fluency.―――On Language
[T]he ritualised, conformist approach to thinking and learning, which was designed to secure the stability of successive dynasties, had prevented innovations in human thought and the discovery of further inventions. The result was that a great civilisation had become stagnant. It failed to rejuvenate itself in time to face the strength of an industrialised Europe.―――On Language

[Americans’] real interest is what Freedom House has stated, that Singapore sets the wrong example for China, showing China that it can maintain social discipline and order with high economic growth but without becoming full-fledged American-style democracy. This is the reason why the American media always attacks Singapore.―――On International Relations

2017年6月3日星期六

Good Quotes —— The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew (2)

In the heat of election battle, people and political parties tend to be sidetracked onto minor and irrelevant issues…[A]s you know, the habit is to do two things. First insult and denigrate your opponents. Second, promise the electorate anything and everything – the sun, the moon and the stars.―――On Politics
[Politics] is a marathon, not a hundred yards spurt. With every passing speech, with every passing act, the character, the style, the strength, the weaknesses are etched in the minds of the public. You can do a PR job…and you suddenly find with a whole host of ghostwriters and advisers, that the man becomes scholarly, learned, solicitous in his speech. Catch him at a press conference and a question-and-answer session, where the ghosts cannot whisper to him, and the man is betrayed.―――On Politics
From our perilous years in the ‘50s and ‘60s, a whole generation of Singaporeans was educated in a harsh political school… Our children have no memories of troubled times… A younger generation of ministers also missed this experience. Fierce combat has made the older ministers what they are. For those amongst us, the older ones that were weak or slow or nervous, they became early casualties. Those present are survivors of a Darwinian process of natural selection. We have keen survival instincts, familiar with every trick, underhand or dastardly manoeuvre. We know how to deal with very scoundrel.―――On Politics
I do not yet know of a man who became a leader as a result of having undergone a leadership course.―――On Leadership
Too much emphasis was laid on the examination and the paper qualification. We were, therefore, rearing a whole generation of softies, who are clever; who wore spectacles but who were weak from want of enough exercise, enough sunshine, and with not enough guts in them.―――On Leadership
If you are impulsive and lucky, you may even pass off as an incisive mind and a decisive commander. If you are unlucky, then you are a hasty bungler and a fool. Or if you take much time for a careful weighing of the odds, but the decision nevertheless turned out wrong, people may well think you are a ditherer…to act decisively.―――On Leadership

No army, however brave, can win when its generals are weak.―――On Leadership

2017年5月20日星期六

Good Quotes —— The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew (1)

The Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and the French, they came to Southeast Asia and divided it up among themselves, much in the fashion of modern gangsters who demarcate their respective territorial jurisdictions over a city.―――On Colonialism
[I]t used to be believed that independence was an automatic solution to all men’s ills and that with independence would come prosperity and glory. The need for a sound administration and an economy that ticks was never thought of by anyone other than the few who had to govern.―――On Colonialism
What has happened is irreversible, and the choice before each of us is what to make of the future, not how to re-live the past.―――On Colonialism
If we want to know what is going to happen in the future, we must know what are the forces at work. And having decided our position, we then try and work these forces in our favour.―――On the Future
Singapore…services the needs of the international community and if those needs change either because technology has changed or worse, because the political and security set-up is adverse for development in this region, we will shrivel on the vine. You look at Venice. The Ottoman Empire came. The Silk Road became impassable, ships went round the Cape. Venice declined.―――On the Future
Politics is about human beings and their lives. It is an art, not a science. It is the art of the possible.―――On Politics

Those without this indomitable fighting spirit had better go and sell stocks and shares. This task [politics] is not for the faint-hearted. It is for people with deep and abiding convictions.―――On Politics

2017年5月1日星期一

Good Quotes —— One Man's View of the World (4)

You accept the world as it is, and find the best way of maximizing your fortunes as a society, or you are left behind by the relentless pace of change found everywhere else. The world cannot possibly stop spinning for your sake.———Global Economy: What Next?
While it may be true that technological advances can improve our capacity for food production and our ability to house more people in compact spaces, at some point we will surely reach a limit. The earth can only hold so many people without serious damage to our habitat and to biodiversity. How do we put a stop to the relentless growth? The key, in my view, lies in educating women – which causes them to want fewer children. The sooner we are able to do this, the sooner we will have a less populated world.———Energy and Climate Change: Preparing for the Worst
[I]t may be wiser for countries to devote time and energy to bracing themselves for the human catastrophe that would probably hit us in a matter of decades, instead of getting others to cut emissions.———Energy and Climate Change: Preparing for the Worst
Eliminating subsidies – and, indeed, possibly even taxing fuel use to reflect its true costs to the rest of society – would therefore be the right thing to do both economically and for the sake of the environment.———Energy and Climate Change: Preparing for the Worst
Until [global warming] hits you, it is merely a theoretical problem.———Energy and Climate Change: Preparing for the Worst
Is heaven such a large and limitless space that you can keep all the peoples of the world over the thousands of years past? I have a large question mark on that.———Personal Life: Choosing When to Go
A politician just wants to publicise himself and get into office, and he enjoys the pride of being there. A leader has a mission. You seek power because you want to do certain things. A statesman is one who has not only sought power and done those things but is able to hand over to a good successor.———Conversations with an Old Friend

2017年4月16日星期日

Good Quotes —— One Man's View of the World (3)

You can have an alliance and it will hold good only when your interests coincide.———Thailand: An Underclass Stirs
There is only one rational course of action when you find yourself stuck in a dead end. Turn around and walk right out of it.———Myanmar: The Generals Change Course
Young people these days prefer to type, and when they do write, they simply do not write as beautifully.———Singapore: A Nation at a Crossroads
It is true that no country in the world pays ministers as we do. But it is also true that no other island has developed like Singapore: sparkling, clean, safe, with no corruption and low crime rates… None of this came about by coincidence. It took the construction of an ecosystem that requires highly paid ministers.———Singapore: A Nation at a Crossroads
Once women are educated and have equal job opportunities, they no longer see their primary role as bearing children or taking care of the household. They want to be able to pursue their careers fully just as men have always been able to…They have very different expectations about whether or whom they should marry because they are financially independent. There is no turning back the clock, unless we want to stop educating women, which makes no sense.———Singapore: A Nation at a Crossroads
In a globalised world, the nature of competition is such that the wages of those at the bottom get depressed and those at the top, who are mobile and much sought after, enjoy ever larger pay packets.———Singapore: A Nation at a Crossroads
[Americans] are allowed to run a deficit for a long time with very few consequences. If other countries were to do that, they run the risk of capital outflow and exchange rate collapse. The cost is low to the Americans because some of what it would have cost a regular country has been transferred to the rest of the world.———Global Economy: What Next?

If you open your capital account, it means you allow free flow of money. That makes the country vulnerable to, say, a sudden rush in or a sudden exodus that could destablise the economy.———Global Economy: What Next?

2017年4月2日星期日

Good Quotes —— One Man's View of the World (2)

This is an age in which you will no longer have military contests between great nations because the nations know that they will destroy each other if they do that. But there will be economic and technological contests, and talent is the key ingredient in those contests.———America: Troubled But Still On Top
One reason why China will always be a less effective magnet for talent is language. Chinese is a much harder language to learn than English. The spoken language is very difficult unless you learn it from a very young age. It is monosyllabic and every word has four or five tones. And when you do not know the language, you are unable to communicate. It becomes an enormous barrier… So in soft power, the Chinese will not win.———America: Troubled But Still On Top
It is useful to remember that just as Americans tend to exaggerate their own virtues, they sometimes exaggerate their problems too.———America: Troubled But Still On Top
The British ran an empire for over 200 years, and had developed, as a result, an experienced, polished style of dominance… The US became pre-eminent after the Second World War. They had not had that long period of dominance and so they were still brash in defending their newly won position.———America: Troubled But Still On Top
Entitlements, once given, are notoriously difficult to take back.———Europe: Decline And Discord
[W]ork makes the individual and society better off, and… overly generous benefits tend to become a debilitating constraint on drive and an inadvertent suppressor of incentives.———Europe: Decline And Discord
The political leadership is part of the population. If the society is in a lethargic frame of mind, you cannot have dynamic leadership.———Japan: Strolling into Mediocrity

An ageing population will not maintain GDP per capita. It is the young that keeps the economy going…———Japan: Strolling into Mediocrity

2017年3月18日星期六

Good Quotes —— One Man's View of the World (1)

[Chinese protesters] know that opposing the central authority means certain annihilation. So they oppose wrongdoing by local officials while declaring loyalty to the centre.———China: A Strong Centre
Intra-party democracy is a concept that the Chinese Communist Party has been keen to explore… One way to do it would be to allow for controlled electoral contests… between candidates approved by the party. They could start by having three or four dependable people vying for an important post and giving them notice that it is important for them to win public support in order to be appointed.———China: A Strong Centre
Corruption, as well as the lack of the rule of law and governance institutions, is also likely to continue to characterise the Chinese system—these are distinct weaknesses.———China: A Strong Centre
Can China follow Singapore—never mind America—on establishing the rule of law and governance institutions? Not easy at all. It will require a very fundamental change in the mental approach of both the government and the population. And as these concepts are absent from their culture and history, one has to ask: Out of what will these arise?———China: A Strong Centre
In China’s history, a strong centre means a peaceful country. A weak centre means confusion and chaos. And this happened with the warlords. Everybody was a law unto himself.———China: A Strong Centre
If China gets involved in a war, it risks internal disturbance, clashes and disorder, and it may go down again—perhaps for a long time.———Tao Guang Yang Hui: Keep Your Light under a Bushel
Poor people still behave like poor people even when they are getting rich.———The New China: People, Society, Economy

2017年3月4日星期六

李零《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》摘錄 (四)

養牲口是門大學問,可推廣於人。人養人,讓人做牛做馬,也要調教和訓練,我叫「畜生人類學」。人類最早的文明社會,就是拿人當畜生,至今斷不了根。(《大畜第二十六‧大義》)
日影西斜,白晝將去,若不及時行樂,擊缶而歌,老了就會長吁短嘆,這可不吉利。(《離卦第三十‧陽爻三》)
該哭就哭,該嘆就嘆,反而吉。(《離卦第三十‧陰爻五》)
豬很聰明,智力不下於狗(但不如狗討人喜歡)。它對人類貢獻很大,但人罵豬超過所有動物。(《遯卦第三十三‧注一》)
俗語說,豬狗不如,但豬不如狗。狗有人疼(特別是歐美人士疼),豬無人愛。很多保護動物主義者不吃貓狗,卻大吃牛羊豬而不慚。人類有人類的局限,人類有人類的虛偽。他們的理由挺充分:誰讓他們不向人類靠攏,住在家裏面?上帝造就它們,不就是為了咱們的肚子嗎?(《遯卦第三十三‧注六》)
俗語說,有甚麼別有病,沒什麼別沒錢。病要損之,錢要益之。(《損卦第四十一‧大義》)
古人認為人的魂是附於氣,可以游動,所以叫「游魂」;魄是固着於身,所以叫「體魄」。(《繫辭上.易傳之五》)

《易經》六十四卦,今本是一對一對排列。這裏,每一對的兩卦為甚麼相近或相反,又怎麼由上一對過渡到下一對,〈序卦〉有它自己的一套邏輯。但這些解釋不一定合理。(《序卦‧易傳之九》)

2017年2月18日星期六

李零《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》摘錄 (三)

萬物始生,朦朦朧朧,人之始生,懵懵懂懂,都叫。(《蒙卦第四.大義》)
交戰,難免死人,結果可能是,一車一車運死屍,這是凶事。(《師卦第七‧陰爻三》)
好聽阿諛奉承,只能讓小人得勢,大人倒霉。(《否卦第十二‧陰爻二》)
俗語說,男要俏,一身皂(黑色);女要俏,一身孝(白色)。西方婚禮,男尚黑,女尚白,很符合這一標準。(《賁卦第二十二‧校讀》)
人類社會好像金字塔:窮人總是大多數,壓在塔底;富人總是極少數,高居塔尖。富人剝奪窮人,總是從下往上一層層剝奪。窮人的底盤大,一人剝削一點兒,撮一塊兒,就相當可觀。(《剝卦第二十三‧大義》)
《資本論》告訴我們,富人的財富從哪兒來,從窮人。不剝奪窮人,無以成其富。但徹底剝奪意味着甚麼?結果很清楚,財富的金字塔就塌了。(《剝卦第二十三‧大義》)
人剝削人,人壓迫人,誰都說不合理,但誰也拿它沒轍,因此也就成了天經地義。(《剝卦第二十三‧大義》)

如果迷失方向,找不到回家的路,那可不妙,必有大難臨頭。如果用兵也如此,結果一定是大敗。特別是傾國之力,畢其功於一役,國君將有大難,以致十年之內,都不敢再出兵。(《復卦第二十四‧陰爻六》)

2017年2月4日星期六

李零《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》摘錄 (二)

心理的變數,在一切對抗性的活動中都不容忽視,因為它會直接影響「臨場發揮」。比如運動員,越想進球越不進,情緒就會失控。結果是,形勢逆轉,本該得到的也失去了。可見境隨心變也不是不可能。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
占一占,卜一卜,只不過表表願望,試試運氣,並非一門心思,非求個好兆頭不可。小人……對老天的期望是有求必應,你不應,他就使勁求。君子,靈不靈,無所謂,可能反而靈。小人,非靈不可,可能反而不靈。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
天有不測風雲,人有旦夕禍福。不僅離我們太遠的東西,我們左右不了,就是眼跟前的事,又怎麼樣?生活,小不順心、大不如意的事,何止萬千。……不服輸,不認命,可以,但改運,那是談何容易!如果一切努力都歸失敗,你將如何面對?(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
古人語短……短了才能長驅直入,一下鑽到你的心裏。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
不是我向年幼無知的人求問,而是年幼無知的人向我求問。第一次算掛,〔他來問結果,〕我還告訴他。再三問,就是褻瀆占卜。褻瀆占卜,我就不告他了。(《蒙卦第四‧卦辭》)
有一種女孩千萬別娶,即一見有錢的男人就犯糊塗,不知自己是誰。娶這樣的女孩可沒好處。(《蒙卦第四‧陰爻三》)
執迷不悟,一輩子糊塗,未免可惜。(《蒙卦第四‧陰爻四》)

只因年幼無知才糊塗,沒甚麼不好。(《蒙卦第四‧陰爻五》)

2017年1月15日星期日

李零《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》摘錄 (一)

占卜,是為了求取神諭。你給老天打電話,回答可能有好有壞。有人對老天的回答不滿意,死乞白賴,不停撥號,老天也煩,乾脆掛了。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
我們的知識是由知之」和不知」共同構成。不知」遠比知之」多。只要有不知」,就有猜,就有蒙,我們並未告別占卜。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
不知」的事怎麼知之」,古人的回答是占卜。……占卜是為了拿主意。凡是情急無奈,無法做出判斷也要做判斷,無法下決心也要下決心,就會想到占卜。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
打仗的事,經常是急活。即使有周密的偵察、充分的預案,也還是有很多料不到。事到臨頭,再聰明的人,也只能把已知、未知擱在一塊兒,拍拍腦瓜,估摸估摸。估摸不出來,就只好賭一把。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
即使在科學昌明的現代,不知」也到處包圍着我們,遠遠超出我們的認知能力。知之」在我們的知識中只是非常可憐的一部分,到處是漏洞。無妄之災」,隨時隨地都可能發生,賽先生也拿它沒轍。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
人,期望值越高,失望值就越高;期望值越低,失望值就越低。俗語說,有心栽花花不開,無心插柳柳成蔭」……。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)
占卜者倒查紀錄,往往會把兩個前後無關的事串起來,把前面的事叫因」,後面的事叫果」,串聯偶然成必然,創造貌似合理的因果鏈。由於他是倒着查,故讖言多出追述。(《自序.從打撲克說起》)

2017年1月1日星期日

讀李零《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》有感

網上圖片:書本封面
常言道:「天有不測之風雲,人有旦夕之禍福」。現今世界,科技昌明,用電腦運算一下,預測未來一週,天何時晴雨、月何時滿虧、潮何時漲退等天象變化,均非難事,所以說「天有可測之風雲」絕不為過。然而,縱使「天有可測之風雲」,人還是有「旦夕之禍福」。再尖端的科學技術,再精密的電腦運算,也不能算準人的命運。畢竟,科學所倚重的線性邏輯之所以能夠推測天氣變化,是因為日之陰晴、月之圓缺、水之漲退都有其規律,而人的一生卻是禍福無常。
誠如李零在《死生有命富貴在天:〈周易〉的自然哲學》一書所言,「即使在科學昌明的現代,『不知』也到處包圍着我們,遠遠超出我們的認知能力。『知之』在我們的知識中只是非常可憐的一部分,到處是漏洞。『無妄之災』,隨時隨地都可能發生,賽先生也拿它沒轍。」李氏亦嘗於《人往低處走:〈老子〉天下第一》一書中指出,「人生,酸甜苦辣,五味俱全。我們是一輩子受苦,一輩子享福,還是先甜後苦,先苦後甜,還是先甜後苦又後甜,先苦後甜又後苦,可以有不同的配方。生活的機遇,實在很難預料。」的確,同父同母所生的兄弟姊妹,其命運際遇可能大相逕庭。有人塞翁失馬,幸好轉禍為福;有人拾金不昧,卻蒙不白之冤;有人樂善好施,可惜天不假年;有人刻薄寡恩,反而富貴顯榮。
網上圖片:八卦
面對人生的無常,古人最「理性」的態度就是訴諸神明,並透過卜筮占算吉凶,冀望從卜辭中得到神明的指引,從而做出最明智的決定。《易經》作為古人占卜用的典籍,古今中外均不乏專家學者的研究,有人甚至將電腦的「二進制」歸功於《易經》中陰、陽兩爻的啟發,但無論對飽學之士,還是平民百姓而言,《易經》絕非一本易讀易懂的書。事實上,《易經》之所以艱深晦澀,又語焉不詳,原因恐怕在於三千年前古人用的「元、亨、利、貞」等占卜術語。要知道,即使是現代流行的八字命盤,其中的「正官、傷官、正財、偏財、食神」等術語,常人也不一定理解,更遑論要透徹了解商、周之際成書的《易經》。
網上圖片:相傳伏羲作八卦
針對《易經》詰屈聱牙的卦辭和爻辭,李零用通俗淺白的文字,加上生動的比喻,寫成《死生有命富貴在天》一書,為治《易》者提供入門級的參考材料。其實,《易經》只是《周易》的一部分,另一部分叫《易傳》。《死生有命富貴在天》一書的內容結構依據《周易》,也分〈易經〉和〈易傳〉兩部分。其中,〈經〉部可再分為〈上經〉三十卦及〈下經〉三十四卦,加起來就是〈易經〉的六十四卦,而〈傳〉部則是十篇相傳是孔子所作、用來解釋〈易經〉的文章,故又名〈十翼〉。雖然,文字學出身的李氏在書中〈經〉、〈傳〉各部均不做詳細的訓詁,而只做簡單的意譯,但正因為言簡意賅,方能吸引初學者繼續探索,如作者在〈自序.從打撲克說起〉中所言:「古人語短……短了才能長驅直入,一下鑽到你的心裏。」不過,最能鑽到我心裏的,還是作者以「死生有命富貴在天」為書名。
網上圖片:
相傳周文王重疊八卦,
成為易經六十四卦
誠然,人一生最想知的「不知」,莫過於壽命和財富。長壽和富貴,人人都想要,但並非人人都能有,兼而有之者,更是少之又少。人一生活多久,健康的飲食作息習慣固然有關,但是否每日早睡早起,每餐多菜少肉就可保長命百歲,絕無飛來橫禍、無妄之災?同樣生而為人,為何有人一生順風順水,大富大貴,有人則命途多舛,窮困潦倒?人類社會固然有不公義的現象,但上天賦予眾人的際遇,又何嘗公平過?其實,「不僅離我們太遠的東西,我們左右不了,就是眼跟前的事,又怎麼樣?生活,小不順心、大不如意的事,何止萬千。……不服輸,不認命,可以,但改運,那是談何容易!如果一切努力都歸失敗,你將如何面對?」(〈自序〉)

是啊!面對天命的桎梏,你選擇「謀殺」命運,還是乖乖就範,讓命運「謀殺」你?由「積極發憤」到「消極沉淪」,其實只是一步之遙。我想,應對命運最好的態度,還是《易經.震卦》所言:「震來虩虩,笑言啞啞;震驚百里,不喪匕鬯。」——風雲來了,雷聲四起,我依然談笑自若,大吃大喝。